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Analyst
Kristine Liwag
Period: Reporting periods mapped to calendar 2025 Q1 – 2026 Q2 (6 quarters).
- Questions
- 65on tracked calls
- Challenge rate
- 11%7 of 65 questions
- Companies
- 12questioned at least once
- Reporting periods
- 6with questions
These figures cover the whole profile: every tracked question, all reporting periods.
How to read these numbers
Challenge rate is the share of questions that pushed back, pressed for specifics or questioned management’s assumptions. It describes how questions were asked on the calls tracked here; it does not measure whether any view turned out to be right.
Rounding. Rates are rounded to whole percentages, so a small share can show as 0% even when some questions were challenging. The count beside each rate is exact; “none of N questions” means no question was challenging.
No questions recorded. “—” means there is nothing to calculate: no questions were recorded for that period on the calls tracked here. It does not mean there was no activity.
Fewer than 3 questions. A company-level rate is withheld when fewer than 3 questions were recorded for that company; the questions are still counted everywhere else.
Small samples. Profiles with fewer than 10 questions are marked Limited sample.
Reporting periods. Questions are grouped by the calendar quarter each company’s fiscal reporting period maps to, not by the date of the call. Periods without a calendar mapping are listed separately under their fiscal label.
Questions asked
Grouped by company, most questions first. Open a company to read its questions, newest reporting period first.
Showing 65 of 65 questions from 12 companies
NOCNorthrop Grumman10 questions · 6 reporting periods · 2 of 10 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q2
hoping you could update us on how that business is faring and how the growth outlook there might compare
Show response
Kathy said microelectronics growth is lower this year on program life-cycle dynamics after a strong prior year, but underlying demand remains robust.
Calendar 2026 Q1
Can you give more color about how you think about overall output for Northrop Grumman Corporation? Where are the areas of bottleneck, and what has to happen for the company to deliver on double-dig...
Show response
Warden listed four prerequisites for higher growth: competitive wins, SRM contract conversion, international pipeline conversion, and supplier scaling. Acknowledged timing is the key question.
With the potential down-select in August for this program, can you discuss how you think about Northrop Grumman Corporation’s positioning
Show response
Warden expressed confidence in delivery capability, citing B-21 track record. Confirmed F/A-XX selection would provide upside to sales and earnings guidance.
Calendar 2025 Q4
backlog is at a new record $96 billion as you called out, and the midpoint of your outlook provides 4% year over year growth. Can you talk about what's driving the significant conservatism in your ...
Show response
Warden reframed as balanced approach. Key growth areas (munitions, Golden Dome, FAXX, CCA) not yet progressed to contract. Expects those to materialize over next 24 months, providing more confidence in 2027 uplift than 2026.
Calendar 2025 Q3
Rare Earths continue to be a watch item for the industry. Can you talk a little bit more about your sorting strategy, how to mitigate supply chain risks
Show response
Warden highlighted two domestic foundries with proactive sourcing ahead of supply chain. US government establishing additional domestic and allied sources.
for the FAXX and the B-21 acceleration, can you provide more color on what that could mean for your 2026 outlook and what's included
Show response
Warden confirmed neither F/A-XX nor B-21 acceleration in 2026 outlook. Both would be revenue upside but initially dilutive to margins.
Calendar 2025 Q2
How do you make sure that Northrop Grumman would have a long-term foothold in these markets once local capabilities catch up
Show response
Warden outlined partnering strategy: IBCS integrates indigenous systems, co-production agreements (UK Marshall, Korea Hanwha, Lithuania munitions licensing).
which three programs are you most excited about today? The change versus maybe where expectations were a year ago?
Show response
Warden highlighted B-21 ($4.5B production acceleration), Sentinel (FY26 acceleration funding), and E-2D ($1.5B extension), plus Golden Dome as new opportunity.
Calendar 2025 Q1
what milestone should we watch for to track the risk retirement of the program? And regarding the macro environment, you put in for the charges
Show response
Warden outlined EMD test progress, LRIP production learning, and sustainment/modernization phases ahead. Confirmed no change in program profile.
where you see Northrop Grumman Corporation's strategic strengths are in AI versus commercial players or new disruptive players
Show response
Warden emphasized decades of mission-specific AI expertise in autonomous flight, targeting, sensor-shooter pairing, and NVIDIA partnership for platforms.
TXTTextron10 questions · 6 reporting periods · 0 of 10 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q2
what's your appetite for more Textron-funded capabilities to get these solutions quicker?
Show response
CEO pointed to MV-75 and ARV as returns on prior self-funded R&D and said current spend is at the right level.
Calendar 2026 Q1
Can you talk more about how you balance cost, speed, autonomy with the performance that the DoD wants today
Show response
Atherton differentiated Systems' offerings as more complex and durable than lower-cost attributable platforms. Aerosondes provide 13+ hour loitering ISR. Ripsaw for Marine Corps ARV. CUSV mine hunting requires complex systems integration. Open to partnerships with new entrants.
can you talk more about how you're thinking about potential capital allocation within that core business
Show response
Atherton said intent is to lean in and grow, not rationalize. Will leverage cross-business engineering capabilities and look to be additive to the portfolio, particularly in Systems. Growth-oriented acquisition strategy.
Calendar 2025 Q4
When you look at the portfolio today, do you intend to grow or prune? Where do you see incremental opportunities
Show response
Atherton said portfolio evaluation is ongoing, not binary. Every business must demonstrate returns, cash generation, and strategic fit. Wants to accelerate growth in high-quality A&D areas. Highlighted ATAC as example of small acquisition growing to $450M+ backlog. Also pursuing vertical integration for supply chain resilience.
can you give us the lay of the land of how to think about your offering, where you see your strengths are, and how you think this market evolves
Show response
Atherton emphasized decades of unmanned experience with millions of flight hours, proven manufacturing at scale, and cross-domain capability (air, land, sea). Noted land and sea autonomy is harder than air. Open to partnerships or head-to-head competition with new entrants.
Calendar 2025 Q3
I wanted to check with you to see if this management change also signals a reevaluation of the portfolio once again and how you think about it now
Show response
Donnelly said leadership change does not specifically drive portfolio review, but ongoing evaluation continues. No burning platform, but open to both dispositions and acquisitions. PowerSports sale was recent example.
Calendar 2025 Q2
How has been the customer reception of this aircraft? And are you expecting this to enter into service this year
Show response
Donnelly said no near-term commercial certification pathway exists. Military interest based on range/payload advantage but early-stage discussions.
do you see this as an opportunity to gain market share? Or is this an opportunity to get more price and also get more margin
Show response
Donnelly said it's too early to assess long-term competitive impact but tariffs could normalize pricing versus lower-cost foreign competitors.
Calendar 2025 Q1
are you seeing any early indication of increased demand from corporate clients who may want to reshore manufacturing
Show response
Donnelly couldn't correlate reshoring specifically to jet demand but said mid-to-long term business environment viewed favorably by customers.
Can you talk about the demand environment, customer profile, pricing, and whether you'd expect this strength to continue
Show response
Donnelly said demand strong across all helicopter product lines, paramilitary, border patrol, medical, oil and gas, with 525 route proving underway.
TDGTransDigm Group8 questions · 5 reporting periods · 2 of 8 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q2
I was wondering what your appetite is for potentially broadening out the targets and look at other industrial markets
Show response
Mike said the focus remains on aerospace and defense (95% of revenue), citing over $3 billion of A&D acquisitions year-to-date, while leaving open the possibility of branching out in the future.
Calendar 2025 Q4
a lot of the primes have called out some of the sole source providers in the supply chain as creating bottlenecks
Show response
Mike said TransDigm is a great defense supplier focused on on-time delivery and quality. Not actively targeting mom-and-pop defense acquisitions. M&A focus is larger and across commercial and defense. Would prefer to buy more commercial than defense.
How conservative is your defense outlook?
Show response
Mike acknowledged strong demand and bookings outpacing sales in defense. Could see upside if trends continue but lead times are longer and hard to predict exactly how it plays out over 6-9 months.
Calendar 2025 Q3
can you give more color on your content in this program and how does this compare to your content on other fighter programs
Show response
Joel couldn't disclose specific operating unit wins on F-47 but said it seems like a really good program. More new business awards in defense last year than on commercial side. Customers come to TransDigm because they solve problems competitors can't.
Calendar 2025 Q2
can you talk -- give a little bit more color regarding the bidding process?
Show response
Mike declined to detail the RTX auction process but said the A&D supply landscape is always shifting with spin-offs and break-ups creating opportunities. Expects this dynamic to continue.
can you give us an update regarding the competitive landscape?
Show response
Mike said no material changes in PMA or OEM second sourcing competition. Lower price points and consumable nature of many products limit PMA competition. Operating units monitor FAA database closely.
Calendar 2025 Q1
are there priorities that are different than what Kevin had previously looked at, and how do we think about this transition?
Show response
Mike said no meaningful changes expected in operations or capital deployment. Has worked directly for Kevin for seven to eight years and will continue same playbook.
there's an implied step-down in margin from 2Q for the second half of the year. Can you discuss what items could potentially pressure margins
Show response
Kevin attributed implied margin step-down to conservatism and not wanting to over-forecast. Comfortable with guidance as issued.
GDGeneral Dynamics7 questions · 4 reporting periods · 0 of 7 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q2
Is there upside to your pricing power over time where you can get towards those luxury-type margins?
Show response
Phebe rejected the luxury framing and reiterated positioning strength while explicitly avoiding out-year margin specificity.
how do you think about the role of AI? And how is GD positioned in that ecosystem?
Show response
Phebe traced GDIT's digital accelerator investments and described AI opportunity spanning the portfolio, though without sizing it.
Calendar 2026 Q1
are there things that General Dynamics could do to capture more of this growth sooner. It seems like there's more of an urgency to rebuild our Navy
Show response
Management tempered expectations, budget supports current programs but won't dramatically change near-term ship production numbers given long lead times.
can you talk about the opportunities for that and is there a way for you to capture more of that smaller end market
Show response
Danny explained GD is well-positioned in unmanned undersea via Bluefin but will not pursue smaller surface combatants, staying focused on oilers, DDG51s, and next-gen destroyers.
Calendar 2025 Q3
we're also seeing a notable step-up in the unfunded backlog. I was wondering if you could provide more color on what's driving this
Show response
Attributed unfunded backlog growth to timing rather than systemic issue, highlighted GDIT's strong 2:1+ book-to-bill driven by investments in cyber, Zero Trust and AI
Calendar 2025 Q1
how the deliveries of these newer jets are affecting the older pieces and how you expect that to play out regarding pricing
Show response
Confirmed continued strong demand for G500/G600, noted G650 final deliveries this quarter as G800 replacement ramps, deliveries largely on cadence
can you talk about what's the potential size of savings you could provide with the new approach
Show response
Aiken declined to quantify savings, cited active dialogue with customer and inappropriateness of getting ahead of government publicly
HWMHowmet Aerospace6 questions · 4 reporting periods · 0 of 6 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q1
where are there additional areas that you want to expand? Or are there areas that you want to prune
Show response
Plant emphasized selective, disciplined M&A approach. Net leverage at 1.6x post-CAM but expects rapid decay toward 1x. Open to further acquisitions while maintaining ratings, buyback program, and dividend growth.
Calendar 2025 Q3
Can you just take a step back and provide us more color on what the competitive landscape is like for turbines and IGT? How differentiated is your technology
Show response
Plant gave extensive overview of IGT technology evolution paralleling aerospace, solid to cored blades with cooling air paths. New IGT blades approaching most sophisticated commercial aerospace levels. Building capacity across Japan, Europe, and U.S.
Calendar 2025 Q2
as you look around the industry to see where bottlenecks are for the Boeing and Airbus ramp-ups, what do you monitor as potential canaries in the coal mine?
Show response
Plant identified narrow-body engine production as key bottleneck. Airbus has 60 gliders awaiting engines. LEAP and GTF production must significantly increase in 2H for delivery targets.
Are you seeing the orders materialize from customers to make sure that they can meet all of those products?
Show response
PCC-related orders now at ~$40M, up from $25M last quarter. Still bidding on many parts. Gradually moving toward internal target with increasing revenue contribution over next 12 months.
Calendar 2025 Q1
could we see a period where you could return 100% of excess free cash flow to shareholders?
Show response
Plant confirmed strong capital return track record, with 2025 buyback expected to exceed 2024. Net leverage targeting 1.1x by year-end as precautionary fortress balance sheet.
how should we think about incremental margins for the company once we do get to the 50-plus per rate per month for the 737 MAX and 10-plus per month for the 787?
Show response
Plant declined to give a specific long-term margin target, citing tariff uncertainty and volatile rate swing assumptions. Noted dollar-for-dollar tariff pass-through dampens margins.
LMTLockheed Martin6 questions · 6 reporting periods · 0 of 6 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q2
can you size the revenue opportunity that you can tackle on with this new development approach
Show response
Jim gave an extended narrative on rapid prototyping (Grizzly, Morpheus); Evan framed it as incremental upside on top of traditional-program forecasts rather than sizing a figure.
Calendar 2026 Q1
the F-35 role in Modern Warfare and your outlook for production and sustainment
Show response
Taiclet gave extensive response on F-35 combat performance in active operations, its sensor fusion and C2 capabilities, and its unique position as the only free-world fifth-gen fighter in production.
Calendar 2025 Q4
How do you think about technology disruption? Are there areas where you still see yourself as light speed ahead of industry? And how do you view your role within the broader defense innovation ecos...
Show response
Jim cited space-based interceptor targeting 2028 on-orbit demo, SailDrone partnership with JAGM quad-launcher reconfigured for surface-to-surface, and the importance of theater-level military scalability that only primes can provide. Emphasized marshaling all resources including startups, midsized companies, and capital markets.
Calendar 2025 Q3
Can you talk more about the pricing and expected margin of this?
Show response
Evan noted Lot 19 transitions to true firm fixed-price from FPAF, creating opportunity to drive operational performance. TR-3 resolution clears the deck for more stable baseline.
Calendar 2025 Q2
Can you level set us on the F-35 as a program today Where does it fit in modern warfare
Show response
Jim cited combat-proven performance in Iran operations, only 5th-gen fighter in free world production, and F-35 as bridge to 6th-gen with 80% capability at 50% cost.
Calendar 2025 Q1
what are the underappreciated risks of tariffs in your business? And Evan, as a new CFO, what are your priorities as you navigate this environment?
Show response
Evan noted direct protections in supply chain, contractual recovery mechanisms on 60% fixed-price contracts, with tariff risk primarily a timing issue. Maria added 40% of contracts are cost-type.
Show 6 more companies
RKLBRocket Lab USA, Inc.5 questions · 5 reporting periods · 2 of 5 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q2
How much of this was driven by higher-than-expected Neutron development cost versus acceleration of inventory to support future launches?
Show response
Spice attributed elevated Q2 cash burn to building subsequent Neutron tails ahead of first flight plus replenishing Mynaric's supply chain, and said free cash flow turns on the timing of the first successful Neutron test flight, with adjusted EBITDA positivity the quarter after and cash flow positivity 18-24 months later.
Calendar 2026 Q1
when you look at your capabilities today, are there any areas you are interested in filling in more?
Show response
Beck said Rocket Lab has amassed enough capability to build essentially any spacecraft, all driving toward providing its own in-orbit services.
Calendar 2025 Q4
Would the program have met the earlier goal of getting to the pad here in 1Q?
Show response
Beck said it is hard to isolate other factors; the tank anomaly pulled resources from across the business to diagnose it.
Calendar 2025 Q3
with the broader and deeper capability set in space systems, What's your priority for m and a?
Show response
Beck said M&A priorities span tuck-ins, payload-owning deals like Geost, and larger needle-moving opportunities.
Calendar 2025 Q2
I'm a little surprised that you still haven't built out a sizable backlog for the program.
Show response
Beck said commercial customers want Neutron to fly before committing, and he maintains pricing discipline rather than fill the manifest cheaply.
RTXRTX Corporation5 questions · 5 reporting periods · 0 of 5 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q1
can you talk about how you're thinking about the solutions you provide in these higher-volume but cheap drones, especially when we think about the future of warfare
Show response
Calio highlighted non-kinetic reusable Coyote variant addressing low-cost drone threats, FMS approval for UAE. RTX sees platform-agnostic supplier role in mission systems, autonomy, and propulsion for other platforms.
Calendar 2025 Q4
are you thinking about the portfolio composition and potential monetization for shareholders given, you know, the recent move from one of your competitors where they're carving out emission solutio...
Show response
Calio defended integrated portfolio citing breadth, scale, technology, and balance sheet as competitive advantages. Highlighted convergence of commercial and defense tech as opportunity unique to RTX.
Calendar 2025 Q3
Can you level set us regarding the run rate you're currently producing and how we should think about incremental margins on these programs
Show response
Calio confirmed alignment with Boeing on rate increases. Collins has capacity for higher rates. Mitchill noted 787 mix creates margin headwind but provisioning and aftermarket follow.
Calendar 2025 Q2
should $10 billion be the minimum free cash flow in 2027 and beyond.
Show response
Mitchill declined specific 2027 target but detailed $8.5B operational FCF this year (ex-powder metal), with tailwinds from aftermarket growth, defense backlog, and R&D tax benefits.
Calendar 2025 Q1
are you having any discussions about that? And are you seeing incremental demands from international orders from this?
Show response
Calio emphasized A&D industry's trade surplus and $12B+ net export position. On capacity, RTX urgently expanding across Tucson, Huntsville, Camden to meet strong demand.
BAThe Boeing Company3 questions · 3 reporting periods · 0 of 3 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q2
how much of your comfort is based on the existing inventory of engines that you have on hand
Show response
CEO credited both inventory and CFM deliveries, conceded 57 and 63 remain open with the supply chain, and said Boeing would work capital-driven constraints with suppliers.
Calendar 2025 Q3
can you share your thoughts on how you think about the Boeing portfolio today, your priorities for M&A
Show response
Ortberg focused on completing Jeppesen close and Spirit reintegration. No other M&A areas to highlight. Still awaiting U.S. approval for Spirit.
Calendar 2025 Q2
what surprised you most in your year 1 at Boeing? And where do your priorities lie for 2026
Show response
Ortberg said macro dynamics were the biggest surprise, not internal company issues. Believes the ship is turning but not yet turned. One day at a time improving performance.
LHXL3Harris3 questions · 3 reporting periods · 1 of 3 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q2
should we expect investment income as a recurring component of operating earnings going forward
Show response
Sharp clarified the gains sit below operating income and benefit EPS, but did not commit to a recurring run-rate.
Calendar 2025 Q4
should we continue to see long-term agreements similar to what was announced on PAC-3 and THAAD
Show response
Kubasik confirmed framework agreements with DOW signing up. Bedingfield stated double-digit CAGR for foreseeable future, validated by independent outside review.
Calendar 2025 Q3
there's still a schism between what these signals actually indicate, and what should have been a much higher contract award environment
Show response
Kubasik cited government shutdown as primary delay, impacting awards, export licenses, and cash collections. 80% of customer base not working. Assuming November reopening.
GEGE Aerospace1 question · 1 reporting period · 0 of 1 challenging
Calendar 2026 Q2
how should we think about incremental margins from this higher throughput and productivity
Show response
Ghai detailed three margin headwinds (installed engine growth, LEAP services, GE9X) and expects expansion in 2028+.
TDYTeledyne Technologies1 question · 1 reporting period · 0 of 1 challenging
Calendar 2025 Q3
When you said $0.5 billion, is that encompassing all of your defense exposure to Europe? Or is that specifically only on the drone exposure
Show response
Two separate $500M figures: (1) total European defense revenue, (2) cumulative nano drone revenue by end of 2026. Only $60-70M overlap. Both prime (loitering munitions, nano drones) and sub-prime (counter-UAS with partners). In-country production advantage across multiple European countries.
Challenge rate by company
Every company this analyst questioned, most questions first. A company-level rate is shown from 3 questions; below that it is withheld.
| Company | Questions | Challenge rate |
|---|---|---|
| NOC Northrop Grumman | 10 | 20%2 of 10 questions |
| TXT Textron | 10 | 0%none of 10 questions |
| TDG TransDigm Group | 8 | 25%2 of 8 questions |
| GD General Dynamics | 7 | 0%none of 7 questions |
| HWM Howmet Aerospace | 6 | 0%none of 6 questions |
| LMT Lockheed Martin | 6 | 0%none of 6 questions |
| RKLB Rocket Lab USA, Inc. | 5 | 40%2 of 5 questions |
| RTX RTX Corporation | 5 | 0%none of 5 questions |
| BA The Boeing Company | 3 | 0%none of 3 questions |
| LHX L3Harris | 3 | 33%1 of 3 questions |
- NOCNorthrop Grumman · 10 questions20%2 of 10 questions
- TXTTextron · 10 questions0%none of 10 questions
- TDGTransDigm Group · 8 questions25%2 of 8 questions
- GDGeneral Dynamics · 7 questions0%none of 7 questions
- HWMHowmet Aerospace · 6 questions0%none of 6 questions
- LMTLockheed Martin · 6 questions0%none of 6 questions
- RKLBRocket Lab USA, Inc. · 5 questions40%2 of 5 questions
- RTXRTX Corporation · 5 questions0%none of 5 questions
- BAThe Boeing Company · 3 questions0%none of 3 questions
- LHXL3Harris · 3 questions33%1 of 3 questions
Activity by reporting period
Questions recorded for each calendar quarter that companies’ reporting periods map to (not the call date), with the challenge rate for that period. Periods inside the range with no questions are shown as “No questions recorded”.
| Calendar period | Questions | Challenge rate | Companies |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 Q1 | 12 | 8%1 of 12 questions | 7 |
| 2025 Q2 | 12 | 8%1 of 12 questions | 8 |
| 2025 Q3 | 12 | 8%1 of 12 questions | 11 |
| 2025 Q4 | 9 | 22%2 of 9 questions | 7 |
| 2026 Q1 | 10 | 10%1 of 10 questions | 7 |
| 2026 Q2 | 10 | 10%1 of 10 questions | 9 |
- 2025 Q112 questions · challenge rate 8% (1 of 12 questions) · 7 companies
- 2025 Q212 questions · challenge rate 8% (1 of 12 questions) · 8 companies
- 2025 Q312 questions · challenge rate 8% (1 of 12 questions) · 11 companies
- 2025 Q49 questions · challenge rate 22% (2 of 9 questions) · 7 companies
- 2026 Q110 questions · challenge rate 10% (1 of 10 questions) · 7 companies
- 2026 Q210 questions · challenge rate 10% (1 of 10 questions) · 9 companies
Topics
Topics tagged on this analyst’s questions.
- Competitive Dynamics21
- Demand20
- Capital Allocation12
- Innovation & R&D12
- Revenue Growth10
- M&A9
- Margin9
- Product Launch6
- Supply Chain4
- Capex Investment4
Show all 19 topics
- Trade Tariffs4
- Pricing3
- Cloud & AI3
- Geographic Expansion3
- Regulation Policy3
- Cost Pressure2
- Macroeconomic2
- Inventory1
- Guidance Reliability1